2 10 1079 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Set up by the Constitution of the Year VIII (1800), and serving for life, the Senate chose the members of the Legislative Body and Tribunate. In 1802 Bonaparte set up “senatorships” that came with land and a manorial house. The Senate was Bonaparte’s favored organ of government because it was agreeable to his demands. For example, it promulgated the decrees that established first the Consulate for Life and then the Empire. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1115 Title A name given to the resource Senate Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/1115/ Glossary Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Owner of a property or legal right with certain other rights attached to it, divided into useful rights: notably the right to command days of labor from those living on the land, to levy taxes or payments in kind, or to have exclusive access to a hunting ground, and honorific rights. Seigneurs did not have to be nobles. The seigneur could be a member of the clergy or a commoner without any change in the rights that went with the land. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1114 Title A name given to the resource Seigneur Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/1114/ Glossary Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document The section was the basic unit of municipal government in France. The forty-eight sections of Paris were the subunits of the Commune and were known for their militancy. The general assemblies of the sections were the strongholds of the sans-culottes and the club movement. They went into permanent session in July 1792 as a result of the war crisis and met more or less continuously until September 1793, when the number of meetings was limited to two every ten days. It was through the sections that most of the revolutionary journées (days) were organized and executed. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1113 Title A name given to the resource Section Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/1113/ Glossary Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document A social designation for a political position. Based primarily in the working class areas of Paris, the sans- culottes, composed of a wide range of artisans from masters to journeymen, opposed themselves to the educated, well-to-do. Their name, literally without breeches, indicates the commitment to trousers worn by the lower classes. Beyond this oppositional stance, these groups opted for controlled bread prices, small business, and revolutionary justice if necessary. By 1792 they were a powerful force on the Parisian scene and politicians required their support. Eventually they were kingmakers, thrusting the Jacobins into office in 1793. But as the latter exercised power over the next year, they abandoned the sans-culottes, eventually repressing them. Thus they were not available when Robespierre, their closest ally, needed their help as he was being overthrown in 1794. Though weakened, the sans-culottes, reemerged and played a role in the Directory and, as a social ideal, well into the future. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1112 Title A name given to the resource Sans-culottes Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/1112/ Glossary Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document The sacraments of Christianity, particularly the Roman Catholic Church, were very much at issue during the 1750s, when the Archbishop of Paris Christophe de Beaumont ordered the clergy not to administer the sacraments to Jansenists. The “refusal of sacraments” controversy between the King and clergy on the one hand and the more popular parlements on the other was instrumental in undermining the theoretical foundations of the absolute monarchy and augmenting the willingness of French elites to resist the demands of crown and altar. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1111 Title A name given to the resource Sacrament Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/1111/ Glossary Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document The parlements’ complaints about a royal edict that explained why they refused to register it. Remonstrances were an important means of publicizing the judges’ resistance to the monarchy and a method of delaying the implementation of measures they opposed. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1110 Title A name given to the resource Remonstrance Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/1110/ Glossary Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Representative of the central government in each department. Created by the law of 28 Pluviôse, Year VIII (17 February 1800), the prefects exercised nearly despotic power in almost every aspect of administration; as an institution, they remain in existence to this day. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1109 Title A name given to the resource Prefect Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/1109/ Glossary Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Name of a political grouping of uncommitted deputies. See Mountain. The Mountain, or Montagnards, competed during the Terror against the Girondins, with both trying to attract the Plain. The Mountain was a group of deputies from Paris to the National Convention who sat together on the high benches to the left of the chair’s podium. During the fall of 1792 and particularly during the trial of the King, this group emerged as a faction allied with the Commune of Paris and the popular movement that demanded radical measures, among them the death of the King. The Montagnards fought the Girondins for power in Paris and in the Convention. In between the two factions in the meeting hall of the Convention sat the “Plain” who comprised the majority of deputies. During the trial of the King in which the Mountain led the fight to put the King to death, the Montagnards slowly won influence from the Girondins, and over the course of the spring of 1793, they became the dominant group in the Convention. The term has since been applied to anyone willing to use political terror in the name of a revolutionary cause. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1108 Title A name given to the resource Plain Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/1108/ Glossary Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document A newspaper published most notably by Jacques- René Hébert from 1790 to March 1794, when he was executed. The paper was named after Père Dûchesne, a fictional character who claimed to speak for the sans-culottes of Paris and the popular movement more generally. The paper died with its author, but the figure lived on in French popular culture. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1107 Title A name given to the resource Père Dûchesne Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/1107/ Glossary Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document The thirteen parlements functioned as the supreme courts of appeal. The Parlement of Paris had by far the largest area of competency, with one-third of the territory and perhaps two-thirds of France’s 26 million in 1789, but each of the provinces added to France since the fifteenth century had one. The judges owned their offices, which by the eighteenth century also conferred nobility upon the holder. This ownership, or “venality,” made them very difficult to dismiss. Throughout the eighteenth century, the judges of the parlements sought to limit or overturn those initiatives of the monarchy that they thought impinged upon the system of privileges characteristic of the old regime. Their main weapon in this battle was the remonstrance by which the parlements could refuse to register a royal edict and explain why they refused to do so. Ultimately the King could force registration in a lit de justice, but this was particularly costly. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1106 Title A name given to the resource Parlement Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/1106/ Glossary