28 10 1079 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document The lower house of the legislature established by the Constitution of 1795. The Council of Elders was the upper house. Deputies were elected (indirectly) to three-year terms. There was a major shift in the political views of the deputies selected in each election. Royalists did well in the Year V (1797), and the Jacobins recovered in the Year VI (1798). Each time, the executive, known as the Directory, moved to arrest or exclude significant numbers of deputies. The councils staged their own coup in June 1799. Dissatisfied, a group led by Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, in turn planned their own coup, which took place on 18 Brumaire, Year VIII (9 November 1799) that put Napoleon Bonaparte in power. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1079 Title A name given to the resource Council of Five Hundred Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/1079/ Glossary Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Charles-Philippe, the youngest brother of Louis XVI who later reigned as Charles X (1824–30). A prominent spendthrift and playboy, Artois helped undermine reform efforts in the years before 1789. Artois was the first member of the royal family to emigrate to foreign lands. He sought to convince the crowned heads of Europe to restore Louis XVI’s authority. Intransigent and hotheaded, Artois joined his brother Provence at Coblentz and participated in various royalist conspiracies and military adventures. Upon his brother’s assumption of power in 1814, Artois headed the ultraroyalist faction, and, when he became king, his policies were so extreme that they led to the overthrow of the Bourbon dynasty. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1080 Title A name given to the resource Count of Artois Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/1080/ Glossary Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Louis-Stanislas-Xavier, younger brother of Louis XVI, later ruled as Louis XVIII (1814–24). More liberal than his brothers, Provence was no friend to reform before 1789. He left the country in June 1791, establishing a royalist center at Coblentz. He fomented conspiracies in and outside of France against the revolutionary government and slowly gathered a military force of émigrés. When Louis XVI was executed, Provence declared the dauphin Louis-Charles King as Louis XVII, assuming the post of regent. When the imprisoned Louis XVII died in 1795, Provence declared himself Louis XVIII. Perpetually in exile, he moved from Italy to Poland to England to Germany. In January 1814, he declared himself willing to accept some of the revolution’s changes, paving the way for the Charter of 1814 and the Restoration of the Bourbons. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1081 Title A name given to the resource Count of Provence Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/1081/ Glossary Event A non-persistent, time-based occurrence. Metadata for an event provides descriptive information that is the basis for discovery of the purpose, location, duration, and responsible agents associated with an event. Examples include an exhibition, webcast, conference, workshop, open day, performance, battle, trial, wedding, tea party, conflagration. Sortable Date 1851-12-02 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1032 Title A name given to the resource Coup d’état by Louis–Napoleon Bonaparte, which a later plebiscite overwhelmingly accepts. Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/1032/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 2, 1851 Timeline Event A non-persistent, time-based occurrence. Metadata for an event provides descriptive information that is the basis for discovery of the purpose, location, duration, and responsible agents associated with an event. Examples include an exhibition, webcast, conference, workshop, open day, performance, battle, trial, wedding, tea party, conflagration. Sortable Date 1797-09-04 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 687 Title A name given to the resource Coup d’état of Fructidor. Ardent republicans expel moderates and neo–royalists from the Executive Directory and the two legislative councils. Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/687/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 4, 1797 Timeline Event A non-persistent, time-based occurrence. Metadata for an event provides descriptive information that is the basis for discovery of the purpose, location, duration, and responsible agents associated with an event. Examples include an exhibition, webcast, conference, workshop, open day, performance, battle, trial, wedding, tea party, conflagration. Sortable Date 1802-01-04 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 712 Title A name given to the resource Creation of 31 "senatoriates" (14 Nivôse Year X). Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/712/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 4, 1802 Timeline Event A non-persistent, time-based occurrence. Metadata for an event provides descriptive information that is the basis for discovery of the purpose, location, duration, and responsible agents associated with an event. Examples include an exhibition, webcast, conference, workshop, open day, performance, battle, trial, wedding, tea party, conflagration. Sortable Date 1806-08-14 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 721 Title A name given to the resource Creation of estates (majorats) for imperial nobles to provide sufficient income to maintain a noble lifestyle for worthy state servants regardless of birth or background. Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/721/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 14, 1806 Timeline Event A non-persistent, time-based occurrence. Metadata for an event provides descriptive information that is the basis for discovery of the purpose, location, duration, and responsible agents associated with an event. Examples include an exhibition, webcast, conference, workshop, open day, performance, battle, trial, wedding, tea party, conflagration. Sortable Date 1802-05-19 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 708 Title A name given to the resource Creation of the Legion of Honor. Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/708/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 19, 1802 Timeline Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document A person born in a European colony of either European or African parentage. The term was used to distinguish those born in the colonies from both aboriginal peoples and those who came directly from Europe or Africa. The word was also used to refer to languages developed in the New World out of a mixture of European and African roots. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1082 Title A name given to the resource Creole Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/1082/ Glossary Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Paris Wednesday, 5 December 1792 This evening the Jacobins broke the bust of Mirabeau in their hall on the motion of Robespierre that this "execution" was carried out just as it was on his motion that the honors of the Pantheon were given to Mirabeau. Pétion reproached Robespierre for this on the same day in the presence of the writer of this article. "It is true that I despise Mirabeau," replied Robespierre, "but the Sections [of Paris] have asked that he have this honor and I have to be the instrument of the people." This accurately describes Robespierre and the flexibility of his "popular conscience". . . . This is how demagogues pay homage to popular idols in order to please their constituents, and then shatter those same idols in order to take their places. In any case, Robespierre could evict Mirabeau from the Pantheon without worrying, for no one will ever retaliate against him. While the Jacobins were in the mood to break things, they also broke the bust of Hélvetius. Several honorable members asked if he was a member of Girondin faction . . . [he was not, but] he was a philosopher, which amounts to the same thing. Sortable Date 1792-12-06 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Le Patriote français, no. 1213 (6 December 1792), 647. Description An account of the resource The passage below, excerpted from the newspaper the French Patriot of 6 December 1792, is hostile to Robespierre. It suggests Robespierre’s appreciation for the importance of political symbolism, in calling for the smashing of Mirabeau’s bust, and it reveals his interest in retaining popular adherents, evident in his support for the transportation of Mirabeau’s remains out of the Pantheon. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 408 Title A name given to the resource Critics of Robespierre Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/408/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 6, 1792 Popular Politics Public Opinion Text The Terror