84 10 1079 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Under the constitution of 1791, Louis XVI could refuse to sign a decree passed by the legislature. If the measure passed the two consecutive subsequent legislatures, it would automatically become a law. The issue of what kind of veto power the King would have in the constitution—absolute or suspensive—had been divisive, but the King’s use of the veto in defense of refractory clergy and émigrés helped undermine his popular support and greatly facilitated the fall of the monarchy on 10 August 1792. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1118 Title A name given to the resource Suspensive Veto Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/1118/ Glossary https://revolution.chnm.org/files/original/513bf662694a9b8c47676cb4a2eb2be8.jpg 008ae445bd921df9ff6f7023a6c5350c Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived mfr 86.49 Description An account of the resource This sword, an actual artifact of the revolutionary wars, shows how strongly French officers and soldiers believed themselves to be fighting for the defense of liberty, which is represented by the woman holding the balance and by the Phrygian bonnet on a pike, both visible in the hilt. This example illustrates that even "masculine" objects such as swords depicted liberty as female. Title A name given to the resource Sword Hilt with Revolutionary Icons—Liberty Relation A related resource http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/27/ Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 27 Enlightenment Image The Terror https://revolution.chnm.org/files/original/279c985e9f54f63e1afd74fd7829c7a8.jpg d02bea6b493a5de5186e2aea8f94e5d5 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Sortable Date 1799-00-00 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived mfr 86.241.4 Description An account of the resource This ceremonial sword, created for one of the directors in 1799, is presented symbolically as an instrument to defend the "people." Indeed, the war effort was waged for the populace against the perceived injustices of the old regime and its remnants in and outside of France. Placing war on this footing clearly had the potential to inspire more support and more bloodshed as so much more seemed at stake. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 33 Title A name given to the resource Sword of Sieyès Relation A related resource http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/33/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1799 Image Popular Politics https://revolution.chnm.org/files/original/af9e017e3107024a7cf87ff436be459f.jpg d4dca5aa8b2f024e9ae82cd375d567a5 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Title (French) The image's title, in French. Prise de la Bastille Title (English) The image's title, in English. Taking of the Bastille Caption The image's caption. Cette forteresse qui avait su résister au Grand Condé, fut attaquée le 14 juillet 1789 et emportée en moins de 4 heures ; le succès fut dû à la bravoure des Citoyens réunis aux Gardes Françaises. Ce fort, commencé en 1368 sous les ordres de Hugues Aubriot, Prévôt de Paris, qui en fut lui même la 1ère victime, fut entièrement achevé sous le règne de Charles VI, vers l’an 1383. Il a existé 520 [ans] et à peine faudra-t-il 6 mois pour son entière démolition. A Paris chez J. Chereau Rue St Jacques près la Fontaine St Séverin n°257. Column on the left (reference to numbers on the image): 1.Mr de Launay, Gouverneur 2. Mr Harné, Grenadier au Gardes Françaises, natif de Dole en Franche-Comté 3. Mr Humbert, Horloger, natif de Langres Column on the right: 4. Pavillon blanc 5. Maison de Mr de Launay 6. Les Cuisines 7. Premier Pont-levis 8. Grand Pont-levis Caption (English) The image's caption, in English. This fortress, which had been able to resist the Grand Condé, was attacked on July 14, 1789, and was overwhelmed in less than four hours; the success was due to the bravura of the citizens linked together as French Guards. The fort begun in 1368 under the orders of Hugues Aubriot, Prévôt of Paris, who was himself the first victim, was completed under the reign of Charles VI toward the year of 1383. It had existed 520 [years] and scarcely six months was necessary for its entire demolition. . . . Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Etching and colored wash Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 31.5 x 42 cm Sortable Date 1789-07-14 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bibliothèque Nationale de France Description An account of the resource The "bravery of the citizens united against" the royal army, as the text suggests, enabled them to conquer in four hours a fortress that had defeated invasions since 1368. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource None Identified Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource French Title A name given to the resource Taking of the Bastille Relation A related resource http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/9/|Collection Michel Hennin. Estampes relatives à l'Histoire de France. Tome 118, Pièces 10278-10385, période : 1789|Collection de Vinck. Un siècle d'histoire de France par l'estampe, 1770-1870. Vol. 10 (pièces 1571-1762), Ancien Régime et Révolution Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1789 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 9 Image Popular Politics https://revolution.chnm.org/files/original/fe9e797d4e923ef038dc5ff112796501.jpg c61355479aed587f8f85a444b1a79664 https://revolution.chnm.org/files/original/41c551370dc108bcf8b125d367e7faae.jpg 695e372d09eeabe14a75e855ae69c359 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Engraving Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 19.5 x 23.5 cm Title (French) The image's title, in French. Prise de la Bastille Sortable Date 1789-07-14 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bibliothèque Nationale de France Description An account of the resource This color print emphasizes the populace’s participation in the storming of the Bastille, showing the urban population fighting under a red banner with muskets, swords, and pikes against the royal soldiers. Stunning images such as these—as well as dramatic press reports—contributed to what has become the widespread view that the taking of the Bastille was a spontaneous, brave, and widely popular revolt against royal authority. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jean-François Janinet Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource French Title A name given to the resource Taking of the Bastille Relation A related resource http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/45/|de Vinck. Un siècle d'histoire de France par l'estampe, 1770-1870. Vol. 10 (pièces 1571-1762), Ancien Régime et Révolution|Extracted from: Gravures historiques des principaux événemens depuis l'ouverture des Etats-Généraux de 1789 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1789-1791 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 45 Image Popular Politics https://revolution.chnm.org/files/original/b894099ea6c7e7e8cbf6cd565549bf1b.jpg 5ee3905e70cc992626ce44151b729bcf https://revolution.chnm.org/files/original/b0b7095a3d5c9e7ec3c198a66e31affe.jpg d6a8e3840e3b558f80088488bd003218 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Engraving, from the painting Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 18.5 x 43 cm Title (French) The image's title, in French. Vue de la ci-devant Bastille Caption The image's caption. départ. de la Seine n.o 99 Sortable Date 1789-07-14 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bibliothèque Nationale de France Description An account of the resource This painting emphasizes the populace’s participation in the storming of the Bastille, showing the urban population fighting under a red banner with muskets, swords, and pikes against the royal soldiers. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource François Denis Née (engraver) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource French Title A name given to the resource Taking of the Bastille Relation A related resource http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/63/|de Vinck. Un siècle d'histoire de France par l'estampe, 1770-1870. Vol. 10 (pièces 1571-1762), Ancien Régime et Révolution Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1789 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 63 Image Popular Politics https://revolution.chnm.org/files/original/0c05ba71bf099af6db27c4ce4efdb7c4.jpg 26f44a611274cff496d081e03d9f5356 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Engraving Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 24 x 29 cm Title (French) The image's title, in French. Prise des armes aux Invalides Caption The image's caption. dans la matinée du 14 Juillet 1789 Sortable Date 1802-00-00 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bibliothèque Nationale de France Description An account of the resource From the City Hall, the crowd that had gathered on the morning of 14 July crossed the Seine River and sacked the royal veterans’ hospital known as the Invalides, where it hoped to capture arms. In Berthault’s engraving, the scene appears chaotic. The guards seem unsure how to react to the surging, leaderless, yet determined crowd. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Pierre-Gabriel Berthault (engraver) Jean Duplessi-Bertaux (engraver) Jean-Louis Prieur (designer) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource French Title A name given to the resource Taking of Weapons at the Invalides Relation A related resource http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/89/|de Vinck. Un siècle d'histoire de France par l'estampe, 1770-1870. Vol. 9 (pièces 1423-1570), Ancien Régime et Révolution Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1802 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 89 Image Popular Politics https://revolution.chnm.org/files/original/6c810da2ea8754e6a877d7de1109ba5c.mp3 a131eef63ab916e2c43060221207efab Sound A resource primarily intended to be heard. Examples include a music playback file format, an audio compact disc, and recorded speech or sounds. Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound <table><tbody><tr><td>Te Deum pour la fédération du 14 juillet 1790, au Champ de Mars. Te Deum laudamus: te Dominum confitemur. Te aeternum Patrem omnis terra veneratur. Tibi Cherubim et Seraphim incessabili voce proclamant. Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus, Dominus Deus Sabaoth. Pleni sunt caeli et terra maiestatis gloriae tuae. </td> <td>Te Deum for the Federation of 14 July 1790 at the Champs de Mars We praise you, O God, We confess you as our Lord. All the earth worships you As eternal father. The Cherumbim and Seraphim Ceaselessly proclaim You. Holy, holy, holy, Lord God of Hosts. Heaven and earth are full Of the Glory of Your Majesty. </td> </tr></tbody></table> Sortable Date 1790-07-14 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Description An account of the resource A hymn written by Joseph Gossec to celebrate national unity on the first anniversary of the taking of the Bastille. Combining old and new, Gossec set a traditional Latin text to music scored for wind instruments (rather than the common organ), the sound of which carried well at the outdoor festival. Title A name given to the resource Te Deum for the Federation of July 14, 1790 at the Champ de Mars Relation A related resource http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/614/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1790-07-14 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 614 Monarchy Religion Song Event A non-persistent, time-based occurrence. Metadata for an event provides descriptive information that is the basis for discovery of the purpose, location, duration, and responsible agents associated with an event. Examples include an exhibition, webcast, conference, workshop, open day, performance, battle, trial, wedding, tea party, conflagration. Sortable Date 1789-06-20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1057 Title A name given to the resource Tennis Court Oath: After being locked out of their meeting room, deputies of the Third Estate assembled on a tennis court and swore not to separate until a constitutional regime was established. Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/1057/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 20, 1789 Timeline Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document By the simple act of giving work to poor people, the resident seigneurs did an infinite amount of good. We are all familiar with the habit of continually giving presents to oneÕs seigneurs, and know that this impulse was so strong that it took on near manic proportions. But in my lifetime alone I have seen this habit virtually die out, and rightfully so. In this life every good deed must be related to something, and if the scales are weighted, the heavier side is naturally the stronger. The seigneur is no longer good for anything, and so it is in the normal order of things for him to be forgotten by the people, just as he has forgotten them. And it cannot be said that this is a carry-over over from the former system of servitude, for this would either be completely erroneous or said in bad faith. In the areas where giving presents is still practiced, the good people, even the poorest amongst them, would be mortified should their presents be refused or should the seigneur tried to pay them back by offering them a present of equal or greater value. I have witnessed this a hundred times.What remains of the tyranny dating from our fathersÕ time demonstrates that, at a minimum, the peasants knew the seigneur just as he knew them. And whatever oneÕs opinion may be of human malevolence, an axiom that has been accepted and proven by experience is that those who know us and have worked with us will deal with us more fairly that those to whom we are total strangers. The principle of dulcis amor patriae is based on the truth of this adage. Consequently, when nobody knows his seigneur anymore, everyone will steal from himÑwhich is completely natural.Another reason, closely related to the former, is that fiefs are constantly being transferred to new owners. A country is never more secure than when its constitution perpetuates succession within the same family. The same can be said, on a smaller scale, for each of the members making up that state. I am not dealing with political considerations here; rather, I am working humbly in the countryside. But in passing I cannot resist saying that, all other things being equal, respect for the old system maintains an orderly hierarchy among the rural inhabitants. I have seen examples of communities that have purchased their rights from their seigneur who was trying to sell them, only to give themselves back to him. I have seen hundreds of people who were saddened by the mere rumor of such a change, and even more who were tranquil and obedient with their old seigneur, but entered into all sorts of lawsuits with the new. And people are much more ready to turn to litigation if the new seigneur is the grandson of a certain Jacques, with the last name of Lafontaine, who cannot claim that his father had a title when he had purchased the land. Peasants have a fine ear and a good memory, and they constantly repeat that their seigneur is no better than they are. If he is wealthier, it is only because he knew more about making money. As for all his additional income, he is welcome to eat two dinners.A final reason for the discrediting of land ownership in France, but one infinitely less problematic than all the others, is the high interest rate on money. Sloth, a sister of luxuryÉ is the reason why all its adherents prefer a fixed interest that can be collected by a lackey when it comes due, to all the thought and supervision that would have to be given to working the land. They prefer their peace and quiet to the benefits that could be derived from time, industriousness, and stability. The higher the interest rates on their money, the less these latter advantages are apt to be appreciated.The prosperity of a state is also harmful to agriculture if it fosters a set of values, based on lavishness and spectacle, which brings about a disgust and rejection by those in agriculture.When studying a country in its primitive state of isolation and self-reliance, it is irrefutable that all classes and all men of a state live off of the landowners; this principle is universally recognized. A spring originating in headlands or on high ground fertilizes a region as far as its water can spread. However, a spring that originates in a low lying area only forms a swamp, until it wends its way and is lost in the nearest river, completely useless to the surrounding fields.I compare the first spring to the landowner who is the keystone of all the surrounding industry. Because of his position he must take the lead in production, for no one has more at stake than him. Should he do so, he invigorates the entire region and protects the isolated farmer. Even if the backwardness of the area does not allow him to have open and educated views, which today is highly unlikely, he will still emit some of the good that is endemic to his very position. If, on the other hand, he is at the center of consumption, he becomes the spring that produces the low-lying swamp, contributing to the inundation of the terrain that was already too wet to begin with.The luxury enjoyed by the nobility will necessarily exhaust its landed wealth, for we shall see how the yield from even the most fertile land, if it is converted into to luxury goods, amounts to almost nothing. The nobility surrounds the king and tries to persuade him that the stateÕs riches are meant to be passed from the prince to his subjects, and that the most worthy way to show generosity is to satisfy the nobility. The number of persons seeking favors grows every day. He who receives a pension of 6,000 livres is being given the taxes collected from six villages. The tax revenue, already reduced by the profits skimmed off by the tax collectors, is exhausted by such generosity. The nobility, which, if it stayed at home could be the support, strength, and luster of the state, unwittingly acts as a veritable leech. Sortable Date 1756-00-00 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Marquis de Mirabeau, L'Ami des hommes ou traité de la population (Paris, [1756] 1883), 62Ð66, 80Ð83, 85Ð88. Description An account of the resource The Marquis de Mirabeau, a well–educated nobleman, worried about the migration of French nobles to the cities and the passing of lands into the hands of "new men," wealthy commoners without a sense of paternal obligation toward the peasants on that land. In a 1756 treatise entitled The Friend of Men, or Treatise on Population, he expressed concern about rising tensions between wealthy landowners and poor peasants, which he thought signaled a decline in morality. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 356 Title A name given to the resource Tension between Rich and Poor Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/356/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1756 Economic Conditions Nobility Peasants Text