91 10 1079 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Due to the King's distress over the death of the Dauphin, the Parlement of Paris had not addressed the Brittany Affair. For the first time, the court had taken the upper hand in the affair when it was forced to break up the Breton Parlement whose members had refused to withdraw their resignations. This allowed the King to form a new, smaller parlement, which was more submissive to the court. At the end of February, the Parlement of Paris came to life again. Making common cause with the other parlements in accordance with their collective affiliation, it forcefully asked the King to reestablish the former Parlement of Brittany and to give them back jurisdiction over the case of Monsieur de la Chalotais. If the court were to back down, it would lose what was left of its authority. This was greatly embarrassing for the council. . . . With the decision taken the previous evening, orders were given that night for the two regiments of guards to form the usual honor guard, while the first president was ordered to inform parlement that the King was going to come. The king would not be holding a lit de justice [seat of justice], but rather was coming to personally hold his parlement. No one in Paris knew anything about it. At ten fifteen the King arrived. An incident occurred that had left a good impression: On the Pont-Neuf the King crossed paths with a procession carrying the Blessed Sacrament to a sick man. He immediately stopped, dismounted alone and, amongst the people, knelt in the mud. When the Blessed Sacrament had passed, the crowd, charmed by this gesture, shouted "Long live the King!" over and over. This was something that had not happened in a long time. Arriving in the Great Hall, the King took his seat with those princes and peers who had been able to be informed, and ordered the houses of parlement be summoned. They assembled, much astonished at the suddenness of this measure. With that majestic air he possesses beyond all description, the King was quite impressive. He said, "I have come in person to give you my answer and to explain my wishes. Here they are, written by my own hand!" He ordered it read, and no sooner had this been completed when he arose with the greatest majesty and said, "Yes, those are my wishes exactly, and I know how to make sure that they are carried out. Dufranc [the clerk of the court], bring me the register containing [the latest] decree!" Looking at it, he said, "I order you to strike it out!" When Dufranc seemed to hesitate, the King, with a commanding voice, said, "Dufranc, strike it out at once!" The clerk struck it out. "Bring it to me so that I may verify that it has indeed been stricken!" Then, having spoken a little more, firmly but gently, he arose and returned to Versailles. All who saw him in the parlement that day admitted that no one could have displayed more grandeur or majesty. The entire demonstration was well conceived, well-managed, and well-supported, and consequently impressed all of parlement, which remained disconcerted. Sortable Date 1766-03-03 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Duc de Croy, Journal inédit du duc de Croy, 1718Ð1784, vol. 2 (Paris: E. Flammarion, 1906Ð7), 220Ð28. Description An account of the resource The twelve highest royal courts, known as Parlements, not only heard civil and criminal suits; they also had the responsibility of discussing and registering royal edicts before enactment. Consequently, the Parlementary magistrates could, when they saw fit, prevent the King from ruling; by the same token, the King could exercise a sort of reverse veto by forcing the Parlements to register his edicts. He did this by convoking the judges of the Parlements to a special ceremony known as a "seat of justice" [lit de justice]. Ordinary appearances by the King before the Parlement of Paris were known as "sessions." Here the Duke de Croy, a peer of the realm, describes the "session of the scourging" (Séance de la Flagellation) during the "Brittany Affair" discussed in other documents. Louis XV verbally "lashed out" at the magistrates for asserting that they were linked to the Parlement of Rennes and all the other regional courts in a "union"; in the King’s view, the idea of such a "union" interfered with his ability to rule over the French people. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 349 Title A name given to the resource The Duke de Croy Describes the "Session of the Scourging" (3 March 1766) Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/349/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 3, 1766 Laws Monarchy Text Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document But on the sixth of November, the sky underwent a total change. Its azure disappeared. The army marched through a cold mist; the vapor then became dense, and soot fell in a thick and heavy shower of large snow-flakes. It seemed as if the heavens were falling and joining with the earth and its inhabitants in one common league for our utter destruction. Every thing was now confounded and undistinguishable; objects changed their appearance; we marched without knowing where we were; we saw nothing before us; obstacles [seemed] to grow around us. Whilst the soldier[s] tried to force their way through the whirlwinds of sleet, the snow, drifted by the storm, collected in heaps in every cavity—its surface concealed those unexpected chasms which treacherously yawned beneath their feet. There they were ingulphed, and the weakest rose no more. Those who followed turned round, but the wind drove in their faces not only the falling snow, but that which it raised, in fierce and confounding eddies, from the earth. It seemed to oppose their march with obstinate fury. The Muscovite winter, under this new form, attacked them in every part: it penetrated through their light clothing and their ragged shoes. Their wet clothes froze upon them, this covering of ice pierced their bodies, and stiffened all their limbs. A cutting and violent wind stopped their breath, or seized upon it at the moment it was exhaled and converted it into icicles, which hung upon their beard round their mouths. The unhappy men crawled on, with trembling limbs, and chattering teeth, until the snow collecting round their feet in masses, like stones, some scattered fragment, a branch of a tree, or the body of one of their companions made them stagger and fall. Their cries, their groans were vain; soon the snow covered them and small hillocks marked where they fell;—such as their sepulcher! The road was filled with these undulations, like a place of burial—the most intrepid, the most apathetic, were affected; they hurried past with averted eyes. But before them, around them—all is snow: the eye loses itself in this boundless and melancholy uniformity: the imagination is confounded, the horizon seems one vast winding-sheet, in which nature is inshrouding the whole army. The only objects which come out from the blank expanse are a few gloomy pines, funereal trees, with their sad green, and the motionless erectness of their black trunks; their mournful character completes the picture of universal gloom and desolation formed by an army dying in the midst of a scene so wild, so death-like. Even their arms, which, offensive as far as Malolaroslavetz, had since been only defensive, now turned against themselves. They seemed a weight insupportable for their benumbed limbs. In their frequent falls, they slipped out of their hands, and were broken or lost in the snow. If the men rose again, their arms at least were gone: they did not throw them away, cold and hunger seized upon them. Many others had their fingers frozen on the musket they still grasped—it prevented their using the motion necessary to keep up some remains of life and heat in their hands. We soon met a number of men of every corps, sometimes alone, sometimes in parties. They had not deserted their standards from cowardice; cold and inanition alone had detached them from their columns. In this general and individual struggle, they had been separated from each other, and they were now disarmed, subdued, defenseless, without a leader, and obeying nothing but the pressing instinct of self-preservation. Most of them, attracted by the sight of some cross-paths, dispersed themselves over the fields, in the hope of finding bread and a shelter for the night; but on our former passage through the country everything had been laid waste for seven or eight leagues on each side the high road; they met nothing but Cossacks, and an armed population who surrounded them, wounded and stripped them, and left them with ferocious laughs to expire naked on the snow. Sortable Date 1812-11-00 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived General Count Philip de Ségur, History of the Expedition to Russia, undertaken by the Emperor Napoleon in the Year 1812, 2 vols. (London: H.L. Hunt and C.C. Clarke, 1825), II: 143-145. Description An account of the resource Ségur gave a terrifying description of the effect of the Russian winter that started in November 1812. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 523 Title A name given to the resource The Effect of the Russian Winter Described by a General Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/523/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 1812 Europe in Revolution Napoleon Bonaparte Text War Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document "From the turmoil of this assembly it is easy to perceive that it is not unaware of what happened this morning at the Convention; it is easy to see that factious persons among us fear to be unveiled in the presence of the people." Javogues cried: "We are neither factious individuals nor conspirators, but we do not want the Jacobins to be dominated by one man." "For that," continued Robespierre, "I thank you—for revealing yourself in such a pronounced manner and for permitting me to better know my enemies and those of the fatherland." After this preamble, Robespierre read the speech he had delivered that morning at the Convention. It had a prodigious effect. The truth of the facts it presented were beyond doubt. It was interrupted often and crowned by universal applause, general enthusiasm, and repeated acclamations. The galleries especially expressed their indignation at that portion of the assembly which seemed not to welcome the speech. In the middle of this expression of favor and indignation on the part of the people, Dumas, president of the Revolutionary Tribunal, climbed to the rostrum. He said that there was no doubt a conspiracy existed, that the government was counterrevolutionary and then, addressing himself to those who at the beginning of the meeting had disputed Robespierre's right to speak, he said: "It is strange that men who for several months now have kept their silence demand today the right to speak, in order no doubt to oppose the exposure of some startling truths which Robespierre has held back. It is easy to recognize in these people the heirs of Hébert and Danton; they will also, I prophesy, inherit the fate of these conspirators." Collot d'Herbois followed next to the rostrum where he was greeted by jeers and shouts of disfavor and hostility. In vain, he reminded the audience of the services he had rendered the revolution; in vain he recalled the dangers he had run, but the more he talked the more the storm of popular indignation thundered around him. Billaud-Varenne shuddered: "I no longer recognize Jacobins," he cried, "who insult a representative of the people that reminds them how close he had come to perishing as a result of his patriotism." The threats, cries, and tumult of the audience prevented him from speaking further. Collot d'Herbois began to speak with great energy; he needed the full force of his lungs to make heard his suspicions about Robespierre's intentions, arguing that the latter should have communicated the denunciations in his speech to the government before delivering it to the people, that such an action would have been called for only if the two committees had resisted correcting their error, and that, finally, Robespierre would have deleted many things from his speech if he had not been absent from the Committee of Public Safety for the last six weeks. He finished by urging that Robespierre's speech be placed before the Society for discussion, close examination, and debate. This proposal was very badly received. Collot d'Herbois was obliged to descend from the rostrum. In vain Billaud-Varenne energetically demanded the right to speak; in vain he faced the cries of the galleries and the murmuring of the Society. He could only speak with the aid of brusque and menacing gestures. "To the guillotine, to the guillotine!" coming from the crowd. Couthon was heard asking for the right to speak. "Citizens," he said, "I am convinced of the truth of the facts enunciated by Robespierre." "But," continued Couthon, "I do not believe that it is possible to throw enough light on the subject, for this is the greatest conspiracy that has taken place up to the present." "Without a doubt," said Couthon, "there are some pure men on the Committees, but it is also certain that there are some rotten ones on the same committees. Well then! I too demand a discussion, not of Robespierre's speech, however, but of the conspiracy. We have seen them appear at the rostrum, these conspirators; we will examine them, we will watch their embarrassment, we will listen to their vacillating replies, they will turn pale in the presence of the people, they will be convicted and they will perish." Expressions of general agreement burst forth throughout the hall. Couthon's motion was put to a vote and adopted. The applause redoubled, hats were waved in the air, everyone in the hall and in the galleries was standing and a single cry resounded from all parts of the hall: "Conspirators to the guillotine!" Sortable Date 1794-07-26 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived From THE NINTH OF THERMIDOR by Richard Bienvenu. Copyright (c) 1970 by Oxford University Press, Inc., 181–83. Used by permission of Oxford University Press, Inc. Description An account of the resource By the summer of 1794, Revolutionary Tribunals had tried over 200,000 suspects, of whom approximately 20,000 had been convicted of treasonous behavior and sent to the guillotine. Moreover, the work of the Terror was intensifying, although the worst threats to the Republic of invasion from without and anarchy within had subsided. Fear and mistrust were widespread, even within the Convention, the Committee of Public Safety (CPS) and the Jacobin Club. In the excerpt below from the Jacobin Club meeting of 8 Thermidor Year II (26 July 1794), Collot d’Herbois, a member of the CPS, questions Robespierre’s motives, accusing him of seeking to become a dictator. (Indeed, rumors that Robespierre wanted to become a king were circulating in Paris.) However, Collot’s speech is poorly received, and those in attendance call for the "conspirators" to be sent to the guillotine. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 395 Title A name given to the resource The Eighth of Thermidor Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/395/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 26, 1794 Popular Politics Public Opinion Sans-culottes Text The Terror Event A non-persistent, time-based occurrence. Metadata for an event provides descriptive information that is the basis for discovery of the purpose, location, duration, and responsible agents associated with an event. Examples include an exhibition, webcast, conference, workshop, open day, performance, battle, trial, wedding, tea party, conflagration. Sortable Date 1789-07-13 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 919 Title A name given to the resource The electors of Paris form a standing committee and a citizens’ militia. Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/919/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 13, 1789 Timeline Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document (Paris, 11 Thermidor, Year II [29 July 1794]) To Laffitte, executive officer of the district administration at Saint-Sever Robespierre has gone to join Camille Desmoulins. He was guillotined yesterday with Saint-Just, Le Bas, and Couthon, who will not be going to our département, you can tell Besselère. The speeches Couthon made at the Jacobin club against certain members of the Convention had already antagonized people. For a month Robespierre had not attended the meetings of the Committee of Public Safety and this antagonized people more. Finally the speech he delivered against the two committees on the 8th [Thermidor] brought dissatisfaction to the most extreme degree. The evening session at the Jacobin club was the culmination. In it, Collot d'Herbois was mocked and Robespierre alone triumphed. On the 9th, an attack on him was led by Tallien, whose head was almost touching the guillotine. Robespierre asked for the floor in order to reply; he called us all assassins because the floor was given to another first, for he was to have it next. His brother joined with him. The assembly, already very irritated, enacted the decree for his arrest. Here is what went wrong: the Committees of Public Safety and General Security, charged with carrying it out, delivered the accused persons to men who, having been unable to get the Luxembourg opened, took the prisoners to the Commune. All the friends and favorites of Robespierre were there. They embraced each other, sounded the tocsin; the people gathered; thirty cannon bristled in the avenues off the Place de Grève. All this was going on, and in the evening, at seven o'clock, when we went to the Convention, nobody knew anything about it. We had been saying trivial things from the rostrum for almost an hour, when suddenly we were told that the Committee on General Security had been forcibly entered and that [Hanriot] the chief of the National Guard and seventeen of his adjutants, who had been held there under arrest, were freed. If Hanriot had then moved against us, only two steps away, we would have been lost. If Robespierre, instead of having fun drawing up orders at the Hôtel de Ville, had marched at the head of the eight or ten thousand men who filled the Place de Grève, and if with Couthon's help he had aroused the people by his speeches, we would have been lost; but destiny decided otherwise. We finally had the sense to take some measures instead of declaiming to one another that we had to die at our post. Robespierre was abandoned, and he is no more! It is too bad, for the Republic, that this event can be counted among the great events. The death of one man in a free state ought to make no commotion. We shall now have to wait several days to know what course events will take. I very much wish it were clear that we knew how to take advantage of liberty and that passions would cool. Salut et Fraternité. Sortable Date 1794-07-29 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived From THE NINTH OF THERMIDOR by Richard Bienvenu. Copyright (c) 1970 by Oxford University Press, Inc., 234–35. Used by permission of Oxford University Press, Inc. Description An account of the resource During the night of the 9th and 10th, with the outcome in doubt, deputies opposing Robespierre went to speak in the sections, hoping to convince the activists of the rightness of their cause. Whether out of political exhaustion, loss of their ability to organize rapidly, disbelief that the liberty of the Republic was any longer in doubt, or simply dissatisfaction with Robespierre’s leadership, not enough sections mobilized to turn the day, and the coup succeeded. It culminated on 10 Thermidor with the guillotining of Robespierre, Saint–Just, and the others. The Convention declared that "justice" should replace "terror" as the order of the day. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 397 Title A name given to the resource The Eleventh of Thermidor Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/397/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 29, 1794 Popular Politics Public Opinion Sans-culottes Text The Terror https://revolution.chnm.org/files/original/22b0d823d66965f3110f6f39201b8269.jpg 0af5de5eb11c296e75fcef80ac66c80f Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Engraving Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 16.5 x 25.5 cm Title (English) The image's title, in English. Napoleon Bonaparte and the Imperial Guard in Elba Sortable Date 1840-00-00 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University. 4606, Box 18, J41. Description An account of the resource Napoleon spent ten months on this island in the Mediterranean. He was able to follow events in France without much difficulty. This initial exile was part of a relatively lenient settlement granted by the allies in 1814 after Napoleon’s initial defeat. France’s opponents did not want to humble the nation so much that it would seek revenge. Further, they believed that a stable France helped maintain a balance of power in Europe. Thus Napoleon first lived with a sizable entourage not far from the mainland. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rose (engraver) Hippolyte Bellangé (designer) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource French Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource All Rights Reserved. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 200 Title A name given to the resource The Emperor and the Imperial Guard on the Island of Elba Relation A related resource http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/200/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1840 Image Napoleon Bonaparte Event A non-persistent, time-based occurrence. Metadata for an event provides descriptive information that is the basis for discovery of the purpose, location, duration, and responsible agents associated with an event. Examples include an exhibition, webcast, conference, workshop, open day, performance, battle, trial, wedding, tea party, conflagration. Sortable Date 1791-07-06 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 858 Title A name given to the resource The Emperor Leopold II appeals to other monarchs to join with him in demanding respect for the liberty and honor of Louis XVI. Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/858/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 6, 1791 Timeline Event A non-persistent, time-based occurrence. Metadata for an event provides descriptive information that is the basis for discovery of the purpose, location, duration, and responsible agents associated with an event. Examples include an exhibition, webcast, conference, workshop, open day, performance, battle, trial, wedding, tea party, conflagration. Sortable Date 1788-08-08 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 917 Title A name given to the resource The Estates–General are convoked for 1 May 1789. Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/917/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 8, 1788 Timeline https://revolution.chnm.org/files/original/a7051026248a75adb6b64c452926487f.jpg 6ca0720f72d986329b569320547e810c Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Title (French) The image's title, in French. Journée du 21 Janvier 1793 Title (English) The image's title, in English. The Execution of Louis XVI Caption The image's caption. La mort de Louis Capet sur la Place de la Révolution présentée à la Convention Nationale le 30 Germinal par Helman Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Etching and Engraving Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 35.5 x 46 cm Sortable Date 1793-01-21 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bibliothèque Nationale de France Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Isidore-Stanislas Helman (engraver) Antoine-Jean Duclos (engraver) Charles Monnet (designer) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource French Title A name given to the resource The Execution of Louis XVI Relation A related resource http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/1137/|Michel Hennin. Estampes relatives à l'Histoire de France. Tome 130, Pièces 11395-11488, période : 1793|de Vinck. Un siècle d'histoire de France par l'estampe, 1770-1870. Vol. 31 (pièces 5142-5251), Ancien Régime et Révolution Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1794 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1137 Image Event A non-persistent, time-based occurrence. Metadata for an event provides descriptive information that is the basis for discovery of the purpose, location, duration, and responsible agents associated with an event. Examples include an exhibition, webcast, conference, workshop, open day, performance, battle, trial, wedding, tea party, conflagration. Sortable Date 1789-07-14 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 679 Title A name given to the resource The Fall of the Bastille. Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/679/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 14, 1789 Timeline