2 10 66 Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document Decree relative to Primary Schools 17 November 1794 (27 Brumaire, Year III) Chapter I. Institution of Primary Schools 1. The primary schools shall have as their aim the provision, for children of both sexes, of the instruction necessary for free peoples. 2. The primary schools shall be distributed throughout the territory of the Republic in proportion to population; accordingly, there shall be one primary school for every 1,000 inhabitants. 3. In places where the population is too scattered, a second primary school may be established, on the motivated request of the district administration, and following a decree of the National Assembly. 4. In places where the population is congested, a second school may be established only when the population increases to 2,000, a third for 3,000, and so on. 5. In all communes of the Republic, the former parsonages which have not been sold for the benefit of the Republic shall be placed at the disposal of the municipalities, in order to serve both as a lodging for the teacher and as a school building; accordingly, all existing leases are cancelled. 6. In communes where there are no longer any former parsonages at the disposal of the nation, an appropriate site for the primary school shall be granted on the request of the district administrations. 7. Each primary school shall be divided into two sections, one for boys and one for girls; accordingly, there shall be one man teacher and one woman teacher. Chapter II. Jury of Instruction 1. The teachers shall be chosen by the people; nevertheless, throughout the duration of the Revolutionary Government, they shall be examined, selected, and supervised by a jury of instruction, composed of three members designated by the district administration, and chosen from among the fathers of families of the district. 2. The jury of instruction shall be renewed by one-third every six months. The outgoing commissioner may be re-elected. Chapter III. Teachers 1. Appointments of teachers selected by the jury of instruction shall be submitted to the district administration. 2. If the administration refuses to accept the appointment made by the jury, the jury may make another choice. 3. When the jury persists in its appointment and the administration in its refusal, the latter shall designate for the vacant position the person whom it believes to merit the preference; the two choices shall be sent to the Committee on Public Instruction, which shall pronounce definitively between the administration and the jury. 4. Complaints against teachers shall be made directly to the jury of instruction. 5. When the complaint is a serious one, and after the accused has been heard, if the jury deems that there is ground for dismissal, its decision shall be referred to the general council of the district administration for confirmation. 6. If the decision of the general council is at variance with the opinion of the jury, the matter shall be referred to the Committee on Public Instruction, which shall pronounce definitively. 7. The teachers in primary schools shall be required to teach their pupils by means of the elementary books written and published by order of the National Convention. 8. They may not receive at their houses as boarders, or give special lessons to, any of their pupils: the teacher owes his entire self to all. 9. The nation shall grant to citizens who have rendered long service to their country in the profession of teaching a pension to provide for their old age. 10. The salary of teachers shall be uniform throughout the Republic; it is established at 1,200 livres for men, and 1,000 livres for women. Nevertheless, in communes where the population is in excess of 20,000 inhabitants, the pay of men teachers shall be 1,500 livres, and that of women 1,200 livres. Chapter IV. Instruction in and Regulation of Primary Schools 1. Pupils shall not be admitted to primary schools before the age of fully six years. 2. In both sections of each school the pupils shall be taught: 1st, reading and writing, and the reading selections shall make them conscious of their rights and duties; 2nd, The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, and the Constitution of the French Republic; 3rd, elementary instruction in republican morality; 4th, the elements of the French language, both spoken and written; 5th, the rules of simple calculation and land measurement; 6th, the elements of geography and of the history of free peoples; 7th, instruction concerning the major natural phenomena and the most common natural resources. They shall be taught the miscellany of heroic deeds and triumphal songs. 3. Teaching shall be done in the French language; the local idiom may be used only as an auxiliary device. 4. The pupils shall be instructed in those exercises most suitable for maintaining their health and for developing strength and agility of body; accordingly, the boys shall take military exercises, under an officer of the National Guard appointed by the jury of instruction. 5. If circumstances permit, they shall be trained in swimming. This exercise shall be directed and supervised by citizens appointed by the jury of instruction, on the recommendation of the respective municipalities. 6. Instructions shall be published to determine the nature and distribution of other gymnastic exercises suitable for producing strength and agility of body, such as running, wrestling, etc. 7. The pupils of the primary schools shall visit the nearest almshouses several times a year, with their teachers and under the guidance of a magistrate of the people. 8. On the same days they shall aid the old people and the relatives of defenders of the Patrie in their work in both house and field. 9. Occasionally they shall be taken to factories and shops, where merchandise for common use is manufactured, so that they will have some idea of the benefits of human industry and will acquire a taste for the useful arts. 10. A part of the time destined for the schools shall be devoted to useful and common handicrafts of different sorts. 11. An instruction to facilitate the execution of the two preceding articles shall be published, so as to render the visiting of shops and the handicrafts really useful to the pupils. 12. Prizes of encouragement shall be distributed annually to the pupils, in public, at the Festival of Youth. 13. The Committee on Public Instruction is responsible for publishing, without delay, regulations on the administration and the internal discipline of the primary schools. 14. Young citizens who have not attended said schools shall be examined, in public, at the Festival of Youth; and if it is apparent that they do not possess the knowledge necessary for French citizens, until they have acquired same, they shall be barred from all public functions. Sortable Date 1794-11-17 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived John Hall Stewart, A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution (New York: Macmillan, 1951), 616–19. Description An account of the resource During the period of revolutionary government, the Jacobins had introduced the idea of universal, free, secular education provided by the state. The Jacobins conceived of education not only as a means of improving the citizenry’s skill level for economic purposes but also, and more important, as a means of rooting out tradition (i.e., Christianity) and implanting enlightened, revolutionary values as a strategy of ensuring broad support for the Republic among future generations. The Thermidorean Convention and the Directory preserved and even expanded on this goal, legislating a system of public primary education for all girls and boys, to be taught by instructors chosen for their merit, paid by the state (rather than their students’ families), and committed to imparting knowledge and republican values. The decree creating primary schools, was promulgated by the Convention on 17 November 1794 [27 Brumaire, Year III]. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 464 Title A name given to the resource Primary Schools Relation A related resource https://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/464/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 17, 1794 Enlightenment Laws Text https://revolution.chnm.org/files/original/128275148afdda3c5c2af4c7a0e0c7f8.jpg e0e0a806add01fc0b5bacce262e3fba4 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Engraving Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 40 x 53.5 cm Title (French) The image's title, in French. Vüe du Champ de Mars le jour du 20 Prairial l'An 2.e de la République : Ou la Convention et les Autorités Constituées ont Assisté à la Fête Nationale Sortable Date 1794-06-08 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bibliothèque Nationale de France Description An account of the resource These depictions show the Festival of the Supreme Being, a massive pageant staged by Jacques–Louis David on 8 June 1794, in open air on the "Field of Reunion," formerly the royal army’s parade ground. At David’s orders, a huge mountain was erected on the field, as seen in this engraving. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource G. Texier Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource French Title A name given to the resource Festival of Supreme Being Relation A related resource http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/114/|Collection de Vinck. Un siècle d'histoire de France par l'estampe, 1770-1870. Vol. 46 (pièces 6283-6356), Ancien Régime et Révolution Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1794 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 114 Enlightenment Image Religion https://revolution.chnm.org/files/original/5e352d0f40ab2813fdef9b61f7265eeb.jpg 029fbdb0749f94a857ca0b203a2f3858 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Engraving Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 75 x 52.5 cm Title (French) The image's title, in French. La République Sortable Date 1793-00-00 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bibliothèque Nationale de France Description An account of the resource Under the monarchy, the king was the country’s symbolic center. Removing him and establishing a republic made necessary not only a new constitution but also a new set of symbols. Here the revolutionaries transformed "Liberty" into "the Republic." Without her pike and cap, she seems more matriarchal, framed by flourishing plants. Sometimes depicted in more aggressive posture, the Republic was always shown as a female figure, in part to avoid identification with any particular male politician or political group. The female Republic never appeared in contemporary dress; she was a symbol above politics, not a French woman involved in revolutionary action. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource None Identified Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource French Title A name given to the resource The Republic Relation A related resource http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/71/|de Vinck. Un siècle d'histoire de France par l'estampe, 1770-1870. Vol. 44 (pièces 5943-6108), Ancien Régime et Révolution Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1793 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 71 Enlightenment Image Public Opinion The Terror Women https://revolution.chnm.org/files/original/cec720a3addc13451b27b9f3bebc96d9.jpg 12796eadfb9706ebfc91c5dc04cdf275 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Painting, oil on canvas Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 85 x 110 cm Title (French) The image's title, in French. La Verite amene La Republique et L'Abondance Sortable Date 1793-00-00 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Museum of the French Revolution 94.41 Description An account of the resource Female revolutionary figures stood for all kinds of qualities and virtues, in this case, "Truth." Women figures appeared so prominently in paintings and engravings because French nouns for the qualities and virtues were usually feminine (Truth = La Vérité). In other words, paintings such as this one did not represent real women; they used allegorical figures to make a more abstract point. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nicolas de Courteille Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Restricted Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 57 Title A name given to the resource Allegory of Truth Relation A related resource http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/57/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1793 Enlightenment Image Public Opinion Religion The Terror Women https://revolution.chnm.org/files/original/fb98d5334a0924bf2b18343e5aaa6c8e.jpg 81b2b8dcc248be633f034c6667f3aefb Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Engraving Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 34.5 x 25 cm Sortable Date 1793-00-00 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Museum of the French Revolution 85.574 Bibliothèque Nationale de France Description An account of the resource This cartoon by the popular British caricaturist James Gillray depicts the British politician Charles James Fox as a sans–culotte. Wearing a cockade in his wig and a bandage on his forehead, the unshaven Fox raises his bloody left hand as he lifts his left leg to break wind. Notice his torn shirt, the bloody dagger in his belt, and the fact that he wears no pants. He sings the popular revolutionary song, "Ça ira!" ["It’ll be okay."] Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource James Gillray (engraver) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Museum of the French Revolution Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource English Title A name given to the resource A Democrat, or Reason and Philosophy Relation A related resource http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/24/|George, 8310. - Catalogue of prints and drawings in the British museum..., Political and personal satires / par Mary-Dorothy George. - London : British museum, 1873-1952, 8310. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1793 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 24 Clubs Enlightenment Image Middle Classes – Bourgeoisie Popular Politics Sans-culottes The Terror https://revolution.chnm.org/files/original/cd830df4f421f1d0b3426eeabc8ea6c1.jpg 6ff03cdc461fe7932db14689ccf47499 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Engraving Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 33 x 24.5 cm Title (French) The image's title, in French. La Liberté Sortable Date 1793-00-00 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bibliothèque Nationale de France Description An account of the resource Even before the Revolution, the French had used a woman in a toga to symbolize liberty. By July 1789 this symbol had become quite common and would only grow more familiar over the revolutionary decade. Generally the female Liberty was a poised counterpart to the frantic actions of the Revolution. She represented calm like a saint. Belonging to no group and no particular place, she stood for a universal principle based on reason. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Madame de Monchy (engraver) Louis-Simon Boizot (designer) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource French Title A name given to the resource Liberty Relation A related resource http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/4/|Collection de Vinck. Un siècle d'histoire de France par l'estampe, 1770-1870. Vol. 44 (pièces 5943-6108), Ancien Régime et Révolution Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1793-1794 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 4 Clubs Enlightenment Image Popular Politics Women https://revolution.chnm.org/files/original/042637d4456d4f3efb1b44d8c8bc60f9.jpg 241bcffd869c58249fac63138818fbec Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Engraving Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 32.5 x 25 cm Title (French) The image's title, in French. L'Egalité Sortable Date 1793-00-00 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bibliothèque Nationale de France Description An account of the resource At the beginning of the Revolution, the term "equality" meant an end to the legal differences that had characterized the Old Regime. For example, all individuals would be subject to the same regimen of taxation. Over the course of the decade, however, the Revolution radicalized, and equality expanded to encompass an end to many other sorts of differences, particularly economic ones. Although equality is here represented as a woman, the revolutionaries were capable of using males, particularly Hercules. But this powerful symbol frightened many, especially from the educated elite, and the female "Equality" seemed far less terrifying. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jean Baptiste Gautier (engraver) Louis-Simon Boizot (designer) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource French Title A name given to the resource Equality Relation A related resource http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/3/|Collection Michel Hennin. Estampes relatives à l'Histoire de France. Tome 136, Pièces 11948-12048, période : 1794 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1793-1794 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 3 Clubs Economic Conditions Enlightenment Image Monarchy Nobility Popular Politics https://revolution.chnm.org/files/original/8c0616479b03b2f71338e2b41e902e13.jpg 835cc572535c4805ec783eb93e86545d Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Engraving Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 33 x 24.5 cm Title (French) The image's title, in French. La Fraternité Sortable Date 1793-00-00 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Bibliothèque Nationale de France Description An account of the resource Using a woman to represent "Fraternity" seems ironic at best, although theoretically the term might mean the community of humanity. In actuality, when the revolutionaries considered "community," they certainly thought of men far more than women. The period saw women take advantage of opportunities presented to them, but outright champions of this kind of inclusive community were few. What might the revolutionaries have meant, then, by their reliance on the female form? One might hypothesize that in a revolution that feared the bold action of crowds, construing fraternity in this fashion softened and lessened such concerns. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mademoiselle Rollet (engraver) Louis-Simon Boizot (designer) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource French Title A name given to the resource Fraternity Relation A related resource http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/2/|Collection de Vinck. Un siècle d'histoire de France par l'estampe, 1770-1870. Vol. 44 (pièces 5943-6108), Ancien Régime et Révolution Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1793-1794 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 2 Clubs Enlightenment Image Popular Politics https://revolution.chnm.org/files/original/9115b2bb5824e99773f0566bf7978157.jpg 2b3fd407ef2d935c249b78c0fe34e586 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Engraving Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 33 x 24.5 cm Title (French) The image's title, in French. La Raison Sortable Date 1793-00-00 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Museum of the French Revolution 83.310 Bibliothèque Nationale de France Description An account of the resource To contemporaries who subscribed to the Enlightenment, the term "reason" was to be contrasted to superstition. Even though Christians, too, believed in reason, they also wanted to make room for the possibility of God’s intervention, particularly in miracles. Such exceptions seemed to Enlightenment adherents to conflict with reason, which they argued demanded evidence to substantiate claims. To this day scholars still dispute whether enlightened thinkers’ faith in reason was so encompassing that it acted as a belief not all that different from religiosity. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Jean-Baptiste Gautier (engraver) Louis-Simon Boizot (designer) Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Museum of the French Revolution Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource French Title A name given to the resource Reason Relation A related resource http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/1/|Images de la Révolution française : catalogue du vidéodisque, 1990, 4582 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1793-1794 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 1 Enlightenment Image Religion Women https://revolution.chnm.org/files/original/bd4c6b45e121027602e450a0128ee7c7.jpg 2f583416f36c914b3e586757a55848be Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Engraving Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 13 x 61.5cm Title (French) The image's title, in French. Translation de Voltaire au Panthéon français le 8 Juillet 1792 Sortable Date 1792-07-08 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Museum of the French Revolution Description An account of the resource Although Voltaire’s contribution to the Revolution has been much debated, the revolutionaries themselves had absolutely no doubt of his significance. After 1789 he was much in vogue, in that his plays were often performed and other artists lionized him in various ways. One of the highlights of this glorification was the transfer of his remains (he had died in 1778) from the countryside to the Panthéon in Paris, where heroes of the Revolution were to be interred. This ceremony, which celebrated the noted anti–cleric, was part of the revolutionary campaign against the traditional Catholic Church. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Laurent Guyot Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Museum of the French Revolution Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource JPEG Language A language of the resource French Title A name given to the resource Transportation of Voltaire to the French Panthéon, 8 July 1792 Relation A related resource http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/d/138/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1793 Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 138 Enlightenment Image Popular Politics Public Opinion