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                <text>This image demonstrates the necessity of nationalizing church property. It shows a peasant cutting the fingers off a priest’s hands; a nobleman cannot bear to watch, but has no qualms about putting on the gloves the clergyman will no longer need. Although the focus is on the clergy, the noble’s greed is clearly in evidence.</text>
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              <text>Blicke in die Vergangenheit und Zukunft beim Anfang des Jahres 1814</text>
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                <text>This Janus–like figuration of Napoleon haunts the viewer as it suggests a future filled with skulls. Indeed, the unprecedented deaths from war and conquest of the last two centuries make this image seem predictive.</text>
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                <text>"His Monument": Napoleon’s Past and Future Are Filled with Dead Bodies</text>
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                <text>Napoleon’s efforts to dominate central Europe kindled a huge reaction, as national feelings soared among the many ethnic groups inhabiting the area. While these feelings would eventually lead to great internal conflicts, at first they were focused on francophobia and hostility to Napoleon. This cunning image shows a gnarled face made of Napoleon’s victims and an epaulet with fingers grasping toward conquest.</text>
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                <text>Where once cartoonists focused on classical images of death to signal the doom of monarchs and aristocrats, they now used these same symbols to drag Napoleon into the netherworld.</text>
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                <text>I Am Called Cerberus but Am Also a Chameleon: Napoleon Being Sucked into Hell</text>
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                <text>Linking Napoleon with Hell represents a far cry from his own propaganda.</text>
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                <text>Here, as in other critical images, reversal plays an important role. Proud soldiers have given way to a bedraggled collection of men, far removed from their former glory.</text>
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                <text>After the defeat in Russia, with renewed allied forces arrayed against him, Napoleon prepared once again to defend France. Yet in 1813 at Leipzig, the Emperor was defeated. This allowed the allies to press a successful campaign, leading to the surrender in 1814. Napoleon would return the next year, only to be defeated at Waterloo and exiled far from Europe.</text>
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                <text>"The Exorcism": Ridding France of the Devil Napoleon</text>
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                <text>The reversal of circumstances that German cartoonists emphasized seemed generally to exercise considerable sway over this use of symbols. Here, Napoleon, who strode so large over Europe, is bottled and examined. Obsessed with his small stature, Napoleon might have been particularly displeased with this image.</text>
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